A review on Fusarium redolens Wollenw. as an emerging plant pathogen in Iran

Document Type : Review Article

Author

Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

10.22043/MI.2024.364726.1273

Abstract

This study presents scientific research on Fusarium redolens (Wollenweber). A systematic search of the Scopus database from 1956 to 2023 yielded 201 indexed documents.  F. redolens is an emerging pathogen with a significant impact on pulse crops. Population growth, especially in developing countries, creates a primary problem: food availability, especially protein sources. Chickpeas are an important crop in western Iran, especially in Kermanshah province. Until 2019, most studies attributed chickpea yellowing and root rot to Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani, respectively. To manage this crop, previous recommendations included planting cereals such as barley and wheat due to the presence of F. oxysporum formae speciales in the soil. However, F. redolens has now been identified as the major cause of chickpea yellowing and root rot, especially in the western provinces. This Fusarium species has been isolated from 54 species of 50 genera and 29 plant families, with the highest frequency observed in Fabaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae hosts. Given its pathogenicity to wheat and barley and the unknown presence of formae speciales, rotation with these cereals is no longer considered an appropriate management solution.  Further research is needed to develop effective management strategies for the future.

Highlights

 

Keywords

Main Subjects


 

Abbas, H.K., Mirocha, C.J., Berdal, B.P., Sundheim, L., Gunther, R. and Johnsen, B. 1987. Isolation and toxicity of Fusarium species from various areas of Norway. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 37(4): 427-435.
 
Abi Saad, C., Masiello, M., Habib, W., Gerges, E., Sanzani, S.M., Logrieco, A.F., Moretti, A. and Somma, S. 2022. Diversity of Fusarium species isolated from symptomatic plants belonging to a wide range of agri-food and ornamental crops in Lebanon. Journal of Fungi 8(9): 897.
 
Alhawatema, M., Ali Alqudah, A. and Al Tawaha, A.R. 2019. Separation of different Trichoderma species based on partial TEF-1α and RPB2 protein coding genes sequences against ITS regions. Bioscience Research 16(1):161-170.
 
Afshari-Azad, H. 1998. Identification of Iranian fungal isolates causing yellow disease in ckickpea. 13th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Karaj, 22–26 August.
 
Al-Sadi, A.M., Al-Jabri, A.H., Al-Mazroui, S.S. and Al-Mahmooli, I.H. 2012. Characterization and pathogenicity of fungi and oomycetes associated with root diseases of date palms in Oman. Crop Protection 37: 1-6.
 
Ambele, C.F., Ekesi, S., Bisseleua, H.D., Babalola, O.O., Khamis, F.M., Djuideu, C.T. and Akutse, K.S. 2020. Entomopathogenic fungi as endophytes for biological control of subterranean termite pests attacking cocoa seedlings. Journal of Fungi 6(3):126.
 
Armstrong-Cho, C., Sivachandra Kumar, N.T., Kaur, R. and Banniza, S. 2023. The chickpea root rot complex in Saskatchewan, Canada-detection of emerging pathogens and their relative pathogenicity. Frontiers in Plant Science 14:1117788.
 
Azimi, M., Rezaee, S. and Baigi, S. 2017. Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, the causal agent of Iranian chickpea vascular wilt in ILAM Province using ISSR markers. Research in Plant Pathology 5(2): 39-54.
 
Baayen, R.P., Van Dreven, F., Krijger, M.C. and Waalwijk, C. 1997. Genetic diversity in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi and Fusarium redolens f. sp. dianthi. Eropean Journal of Plant Pathology 103: 395–408.
 
Baayen, R.P., O'Donnell, K., Bonants, P.J., Cigelnik, E., Kroon, L.P., Roebroeck, E.J. and Waalwijk, C. 2000. Gene genealogies and AFLP analyses in the Fusarium oxysporum complex identify monophyletic and nonmonophyletic formae speciales causing wilt and rot disease. Phytopathology 90: 891–900.
 
Baayen, R.P., O'Donnell, K., Breeuwsma, S., Geiser, D.M. and Waalwijk, C. 2001. Molecular relationships of fungi within the Fusarium redolens-F. hostae clade. Phytopathology 91(11):1037-44.
 
Backhouse, D. and Burgess, L.W. 1995. Mycogeography of Fusarium: climatic analysis of the distribution within Australia of Fusarium species in section Gibbosum. Mycological Research 99: 1218–1224.
 
Backhouse, D., Abubakar, A.A., Backhouse, D., Burgess, L.W. and Summerell, B.A. 2001. Chapter 9-Biogeography of Fusarium. In: Fusarium–Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium. Edited by Summerell BE, Leslie JF, Backhouse D, Bryden WL, Burgess LW. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. pg. 122-137.
 
Baum, C., Eichler-Löbermann, B. and Hrynkiewicz, K. 2015. Impact of organic amendments on the suppression of Fusarium wilt. In: Meghvansi, M.K., Varma, A. (Eds.), Organic amendments and soil suppressive in Plant Disease management. Springer International Publishing, Cham: 353–362.
 
Benson, J.H., Geary, B., Miller, J.S., Jolley, V.D., Hopkins, B.G. and Stevens, M.R. 2009. Phytophthora erythroseptica (pink rot) development in Russet Norkotah potato grown in buffered hydroponic solutions I. Calcium nutrition effects. American journal of potato research 86(6): 466–471.
Bhatti, M. A. and Kraft, J. M. 1992. Effects of inoculum density and temperature on root rot and wilt of chickpea. Plant Disease 76: 50-54
Bilai, V.I. 1955. Symbiotrophic properties of Fusarium species and other soil fungi. Mycotrophy in plants 1967: 129-141.
Bogale, M., Wingfield, B.D., Wingfield, M.J. and Steenkamp, E.T. 2007. Species-specific primers for Fusarium redolens and a PCR-RFLP technique to distinguish among three clades of Fusarium oxysporum. FEMS Microbiology Letters 271(1): 27-32.
Blok, W.J. and Bollen, G.J. 1997. Host specificity and vegetative compatibility of Dutch isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi. Canadian Journal of Botany 75: 383-393.
Booth, C. 1975. The present status of Fusarium taxonomy. Annual Review of Phytopathology 13(1): 83-93.
Borrell, A.N., Shi, Y., Gan, Y., Bainard, L.D., Germida, J.J. and Hamel, C. 2017. Fungal diversity associated with pulses and its influence on the subsequent wheat crop in the Canadian prairies. Plant and Soil 414: 13-31.
Borrero, C., Trillas, M.I., Ordovás, J., Tello, J.C. and Avilés, M. 2004. Predictive factors for the suppression of Fusarium wilt of tomato in plant growth media. Phytopathology 94(10):1094-1101.
Bouhadida, M., Jendoubi, W., Gargouri, S., Beji, M., Kharrat, M. and Chen, W. 2017. First report of Fusarium redolens causing Fusarium yellowing and wilt of chickpea in Tunisia. Plant Disease 101 (6): 1038.
 
Boukhalfa, H. and Crumbliss, A.L. 2002. Chemical aspects of siderophore mediated iron transport. Biometals 15: 325–339.
 
Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. 2000. Elements of the nature and properties of soils. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
 
Burgess, L.W., Liddell, C.M. and Summerell, B.A. 1988. Laboratory Manual for Fusarium Research. 2nd Ed. The University of Sydney, Sydney Aust.
 
Burgess, L.W., Forbes, C., Nelson, P.E., Marasas, W.F.O. and Gott, K.P. 1993. Characterization and Distribution of Fusarium acuminatum Subsp. Armeniacum Subsp. NOv. Mycologia 85: 119-124.
 
Cao, X., Zhang, M.S., Zhang, X.S., Yu, S.C., Zhao:B., Hou, D., Zhou, Y.R., Li, J., Song, X.Y. and Zhang, Y.Z. 2020. First report of Fusarium redolens causing root and bulb rot disease on lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) in China. Plant Disease 104(2):583.
 
Chattopadhyay, S.B. and Sen Gupta, P.K. 1967. Studies on wilt diseases of pulses. I. Variation and taxonomy of Fusarium species associated with wilt disease of pulses. Indian Journal of Mycological Research 5: 45-53.
 
Chehri, K. 2016. Molecular identification of pathogenic Fusarium species, the causal agents of tomato wilt in western Iran. Journal of Plant Protection Research 56(2): 143-148.
 
Chehri, Kh., Hajeb, S. and Maassoumi, S.M. 2017. Morphological and molecular identification and PCR amplification to determine the toxigenic potential of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) isolated from wild grasses in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 19: 1617-1629.
 
Chehri, K. 2018. Molecular phylogeny of Fusarium oxysporum species complex isolated from agricultural soils in Iran. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 51(7-8): 359-372.
 
Chittem, K., Mathew, F.M., Gregoire, M., Lamppa, R.S., Chang, Y.W., Markell, S.G., Bradley, C.A., Barasubiye, T. and Goswami, R.S. 2015. Identification and characterization of Fusarium spp. associated with root rots of field pea in North Dakota. European Journal of Plant Pathology 143 :641-649.
 
Clarkson, J.D.S. 1978. Pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. associated with foot‐rots of peas and beans. Plant Pathology 27(3): 110-117.
 
Collins, J.F. and Buol, S.W. 1970. Effects of fluctuations in the Eh-pH environment on iron and/or manganese equilibria. Soil Science 110: 111–118.
 
Dababat, A.A. and Sikora, R.A. 2007. Importance of application time and inoculum density of Fusarium oxysporum 162 for biological control of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato. Nematropica 37: 267-275.
 
Dean, R., Van Kan J.A.L., Pretorius, Z.A., Hammond-Kosack, K.E., Di Pietro, A., Spanu, P.D., Rudd, J.J., Dickman, M., Kahmann, R., Ellis, J. and Foster, G.D. 2012. The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Molecular plant pathology13: 414–430.
 
del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, M., Pérez-Artés, E. and Jiménez-Diaz, R.M. 2001. Identification of pathogenic races 0, 1B/C, 5, and 6 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). European Journal of Plant Pathology 107:237-248.
 
del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, M. and Jiménez-Díaz, R.M. 2003. Development of a specific polymerase chain reaction-based assay for the identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and its pathogenic races 0, 1A, 5, and 6. Phytopathology 93(2):200-209.
 
Deltour, P., França, S.C., Liparini Pereira, O., Cardoso, I., De Neve, S., Debode, J. and Höfte, M. 2017. Disease suppressiveness to Fusarium wilt of banana in an agroforestry system: influence of soil characteristics and plant community. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment 239: 173–181.
 
Demirei, E., Eken, C. and Kantar, F. 1998. Wilt and root rot pathogens of chickpea cv. Aziziye-94. Journal of Plant Pathology 80: 175.
Dhungana, S. and Crumbliss, A.L. 2005. Coordination chemistry and redox processes in siderophore-mediated iron transport. Geomicrobiol Journal 22: 87–98.
 
Dobbs, J.T., Kim, M.S., Reynolds, G.J., Wilhelmi, N., Dumroese, R.K., Klopfenstein, N.B., Fraedrich, S.W., Cram, M.M., Bronson, J. and Stewart, J.E. 2023. Fusarioid community diversity associated with conifer seedlings in forest nurseries across the contiguous USA. Frontiers in Plant Science 14:1104675.
 
Dominguez, J., Negrin, M.A. and Rodriguez, C.M. 2001. Aggregate water-stability, particle size and soil solution properties in conducive and suppressive soils to Fusarium wilt of banana from Canary Islands (Spain). Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 449–455.
 
Echandi, E. 1970. Wilt of chickpeas or garbanzo beans (Cicer arietinum) incited by Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopathology 60: 1539.
 
El-Adawy, T.A. 2002. Nutritional composition and antinutritional factors of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) undergoing different cooking methods and germination. Plant foods for human nutrition 57:83-97.
 
Erwin, D. C. 1958. Fusarium lateritium f. sp. ciceri, incitant of Fusarium wilt of Cicer arietinum. Phytopathology 48: 498-501.
Esmaeili Taheri, A., Hamel, C., Gan, Y. and Vujanovic, V. 2011. First report of Fusarium redolens from Saskatchewan and its comparative pathogenicity. Canadian Journal of plant pathology 33(4): 559-64.
 
Esmaeili Taheri, A., Chatterton, S., Foroud, N.A., Gossen, B.D. and McLaren, D.L. 2017. Identification and community dynamics of fungi associated with root, crown, and foot rot of field pea in western Canada. European Journal of Plant Pathology 147:489-500.
 
Esmaili, Z. and Sharifnabi, B. 2023. Fusarium species associated with apple trees decline in Isfahan, Iran. Mycologia Iranica 10(1): 23-34.
 
Fallahi, M., Saremi, H., Javan-Nikkhah, M., Somma, S., Haidukowski, M., Logrieco, A.F. and Moretti, A. 2019. Isolation, molecular identification and mycotoxin profile of Fusarium species isolated from maize kernels in Iran. Toxins 11(5):297.
 
Fang, X., You, M.P. and Barbetti, M.J. 2012. Reduced severity and impact of Fusarium wilt on strawberry by manipulation of soil pH, soil organic amendments and crop rotation. Eropean Journal of Plant Pathology 134(3):619-29.
 
FAOStat 2021. FAOStat, FAO. http://www.fao.org/faostat.
Gai, X.T., Hu, Y.X., Dai, K., Wang, J.M., Jiang, N., Lu, C.H. and Xia, Z.Y. 2023. First Report of Tobacco Fusarium Root Rot Caused by Fusarium redolens in China. Plant Disease 107(2):556.
Garyali, S., Kumar, A. and Reddy, M.S. 2013. Taxol production by an endophytic fungus, Fusarium redolens, isolated from Himalayan yew. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 23(10):1372-1380.
Geiser, D.M., del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, M., Kang, S., Makalowska, I., Veeraraghavan, N., Ward, T.J., Zhang, N., Kuldau, G.A. and O'donnell, K. 2004. FUSARIUM-ID v. 1.0: A DNA sequence database for identifying Fusarium. European journal of plant pathology 110: 473-479.
Ghanbarzadeh, B., Mohammadi Goltapeh, E. and Safaie, N. 2014. Identification of Fusarium species causing basal rot of onion in East Azarbaijan province, Iran and evaluation of their virulence on onion bulbs and seedlings. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 47(9):1050-1062.
Gargouri, S., Balmas, V., Burgess, L., Paulitz, T., Laraba, I., Kim, H.S., Proctor, R.H., Busman, M., Felker, F.C., Murray, T. and O’Donnell, K. 2020. An endophyte of Macrochloa tenacissima (esparto or needle grass) from Tunisia is a novel species in the Fusarium redolens species complex. Mycologia 112(4):792-807.
Gehlker, H. and Scholl, W. 1974. Ecological factors and cultivation problems in connection with parasitic root rot of asparagus. Z Pflanzenk Pflanzen 81:394-406.
 
Geraminasab, B., Abbasi, S., Jamali, S., Chehri, K. and Younesi, H. 2023. Etiology of root rot, yellows and wilt diseases of chickpea in Kermanshah province. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 14(1): 63-74.
 
Gerlach, W. and Pag, H. 1961. Fusarium redolens Wr., seine phytopathologische Bedeutung und eine an Dianthus‐Arten gefäßparasitäre Form (F. redolens Wr. f. dianthi Gerlach). Journal of Phytopathology 42(4):349-361.
 
Gibert, S., Edel-Hermann, V., Gautheron, E., Gautheron, N., Sol, J.M., Capelle, G., Galland, R., Bardon-Debats, A., Lambert, C. and Steinberg, C. 2022. First report of Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium redolens, and Fusarium solani causing root rot in pea in France. Plant Disease 106(4):1297.
 
Gordon, W.L. 1952. The occurrence of Fusarium species in Canada: II. Prevalence and taxonomy of Fusarium species in cereal seed. Canadian Journal of Botany 30(2):209-251.
 
Gordon-Lennox, G. and Gindrat, D. 1987. Relationship of root necrosis potential of soil to asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) decline in Switzerland. Biology and Fertility of Soils 3: 195-198.
 
Haapalainen, M., Latvalab, S., Kuivainena, E., Qiua, Y., Segerstedtb, M. and Hannukkalaa, A.O. 2016. Fusarium oxysporum, F. proliferatum and F. redolens associated with basal rot of onion in Finland. Plant Pathology 65: 1310–1320.
 
Habibi, A., Mansouri, S.M. and Sadeghi, B. 2018. Fusarium species associated with medicinal plants of Lamiaceae and Asteraceae. Mycologia Iranica 5(2): 91-101.
 
Haji-Allahverdipoor, K., Bahramnejad, B. and Amini, J. 2011. Selection of molecular markers associated with resistance to Fusarium wilt disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using multivariate statistical techniques. Australian Journal of crop science 5(13): 1801-1809.
 
Halila, M.H. and Strange, R.N. 1996. Identification of the causal agent of wilt of chickpea in Tunisia as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri race 0. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 67-74.
 
Hasanzade, F., Falahati Rastegar, M., Jafarpour, B. and Kermani, M. 2008. Identification of Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi the cause of root rot in chickpea and assessment its genetic diversity using AFLP in Northeast Iran. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 3(7): 737-741.
 
Hatamzadeh, S., Rahnama, K., White, J.F., Oghaz, N.A., Nasrollahnejad, S. and Hemmati, K. 2023. Investigation of some endophytic fungi from five medicinal plants with growth promoting ability on maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Applied Microbiology 134(1): lxac015.
 
Haware, M.P. and Nene, Y.L. 1982. Races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Plant Disease 66(9):809-810.
 
Haware, M. P., Nene, Y. L. and Natarajan, M. 1996. The survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri in the absence of chickpea. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 35: 9-12.
He, L., He, B. and Zhao, L. 2014. Effect of particle size distribution of lime sludge on the hydrophobicity of paper. BioResources 9(1): 1361-1372.
 
Heidari, A., Mahmoodi, Sh., Roozitalab, M.H. and Mermut, A.R. 2008. Diversity of clay minerals in the vertisols of three different climatic regions in Western Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology10: 269-284.
 
Hepple, S. 1960. Infection of peas by wilt disease fungi. Nature 185(4709): 333-334.
 
Ho, Y.W., Varghese, G. and Taylor, G.S. 1985. Histopathology of oil palm seedlings infected by, pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum isolates from Africa. Journal of Phytopathology 114(4): 312-324.
 
Hong-juan, C.H.E.N., Xu-hui, Z.H.U.A.N.G., Hai-jie, Z.O.U., Guang-tao, L.I., Wei, H.A.N., Hai-jiang, M.I.A.O., Chuan-lin, D.U. and Xiao-hong, L.U.O. 2021. Analysis on the screening of an endophytic fungi from Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb against wheat scab and mass spectrographic Analysis. Science and Technology of Cereals, Oils and Foods 29(6).
 
Honnareddy, N. and Dubey, S.C. 2006. Pathogenic and molecular characterization of Indian isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing chickpea wilt. Current science 661-666.
 
Jahedi, A., Safaie, N. and Goltapeh, E.M. 2019. Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium crookwellens cause onion basal rot in Iran. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 52(9-10):953-968.
 
Jendoubi, W., Bouhadida, M., Boukteb, A., Béji, M.  and Kharrat, M. 2017. Fusarium wilt affecting chickpea crop. Agriculture 7: 1-16.
 
Jia, R., Kang, L., Addrah, M.E., Zhang, J., Xu, L., Zhang, Z., Chen, W., Liu, J. and Zhao, J. 2023. Potato wilt caused by co-infection of Fusarium spp. and Verticillium dahliae in potato plants. European Journal of Plant Pathology 165(2):305-315.
 
Jimenez-Fernández, D., Navas-Cortés, J.A., Montes-Borrego, M., Jiménez-Díaz, R.M. and Landa, B.B. 2011. Molecular and pathogenic characterization of Fusarium redolens, a new causal agent of Fusarium yellows in chickpea. Plant Disease 95: 860-870.
 
Jiménez-Díaz, R.M., Castillo, del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, M., Landa, B.B. and Navas-Cortés, J.A. 2015. Fusarium wilt of chickpeas: Biology, ecology and management. Crop Protection 73:16-27.
 
Jing, G.A.O., Yuan-yuan, Z.H.A.N.G., Kai, W.A.N.G., Jian, Z.H.A.N.G. and Gui, Z.H.A.N.G. 2016. Identification of sunflower wilt pathogen and its biological characteristics. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences 38(2):214.
 
Jones, J.P. and Woltz, S.S. 1981. Fusarium-incited diseases of tomato and potato and their control. In: Nelson: E., Toussoun, T. A., and Cook, R. J. (eds) Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy. Penn State Univ Press, University Park, pp 157-168.
 
Jukanti, A.K., Gaur, P.M., Gowda, C.L.L. and Chibbar, R.N. 2012. Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a review. British Journal of Nutrition 108(S1): S11-S26.
 
Katoch, M. and Pull, S. 2017. Endophytic fungi associated with Monarda citriodora, an aromatic and medicinal plant and their biocontrol potential. Pharmaceutical biology 55(1):1528-1535.
 
Kirk, P., Cannon, P., Minter, D. and Stalpers, J. 2008. Dictionary of the Fungi. Wallingford, UK: 771.
 
Koul, B., Sharma, K., Sehgal, V., Yadav, D., Mishra, M. and Bharadwaj, C. 2022. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) biology and biotechnology: from domestication to biofortification and biopharming. Plants 11(21): 2926.
 
Kraft, J. M. and Pfleger, F. L. 2001. Compendium of Pea Diseases and Pests (2nd ed.). St. Paul: The American Phytopathological Society.
 
Kristensen, R., Mona, T.O.R.P., Kosiak, B. and Holst-Jensen, A. 2005. Phylogeny and toxigenic potential is correlated in Fusarium species as revealed by partial translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene sequences. Mycological research 109(2):173-186.
 
Larsson, M. and Olofsson, J. 1994. Prevalence and pathogenicity of spinach root pathogens of the genera Aphanomyces, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon, and Rhizoctonia in Sweden. Plant Pathology 43(2):251-260.
 
Lavie, S. and Stotzky, G. 1986. Interactions between clay minerals and siderophores affect the respiration of Histoplasma capsulatum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51: 74–79.
 
Lazreg, F., Belabid, L., Sanchez, J., Gallego, E. and Bayaa, B. 2014. Pathogenicity of Fusarium s: associated with diseases of Aleppo-pine seedlings in Algerian forest nurseries. Journal of Forest Science 60(3): 115-120.
 
Le, D., Ameye, M., De Boevre, M., De Saeger, S., Audenaert, K. and Haesaert, G. 2021. Population, virulence, and mycotoxin profile of Fusarium spp. associated with basal rot of Allium spp. in Vietnam. Plant Disease 105(7):1942-1950.
 
Leisso, R., Miller, Z., Jacobsen, B. and Burrows, M. 2011. Pathogenicity of Fusarium s: to chickpea seed and seedlings (Cicer arietinum L.). Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 33(3): 400–409.
 
Leslie, J.F. and Summerell, B.A. 2006. The Fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell, Ames.
 
Li, C., Zhang, M., Li, J., Huang, M., Shao, X. and Yang, Z. 2022. Fusarium redolens causes black rot disease in Gastrodia elata grown in China. Crop Protection 155:105933.
 
Litovka, Y.A., Chen, H., Li, W. and Pavlov, I.N. 2023. Fusarioid Fungi Associated with Woody Plants in Russia. Contemporary Problems of Ecology 16(4):528-540.
 
Manuchehri, A. and Mesri, 1966. Fusarium wilt of chickpea. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 3:1-11.
Mastan, A., Bharadwaj, R.K.B., Kushwaha, R.K. and Vivek Babu, C.S. 2019. Functional fungal endophytes in Coleus forskohlii regulate labdane diterpene biosynthesis for elevated forskolin accumulation in roots. Microbial ecology 78(4):914-926.
Mastan, A., Rane, D., Dastager, S.G. and Babu, C.V. 2021. Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii. Phytochemistry 184:112654.
Maymon, M., Sharma, G., Hazanovsky, M., Erlich, O., Pessach, S., Freeman, S. and Tsror, L. 2021. Characterization of Fusarium population associated with wilt of jojoba in Israel. Plant Pathology 70(4):793-803.
Mohammadi, H. and Banihashemi, Z. 2005. Distribution, pathogenicity and survival of Fusarium solani: the causal agents of chickpea wilt and root rot in the Fars province of Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 41(4): 687-708.
 
Mohammadi, H. and Banihashemi, Z. 2006. Vegetative compatibility groups of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, the causal agent of chickpea black root rot in Fars Province of Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 42(1): 179-194.
 
Moparthi, S., Burrows, M., Mgbechi-Ezeri, J. and Agindotan, B. 2021. Fusarium pp. associated with root rot of pulse crops and their cross-pathogenicity to cereal crops in Montana. Plant Disease 105(3):548-557.
 
Nam, M.H., Lee, H.C., Kim, T.I., Lee, E.M. and Yoon, H.S. 2018. Effect of nutrition solution pH and electrical conductivity on Fusarium wilt on strawberry plants in hydroponic culture. Research in Plant Disease 24(1): 26-32.
 
Nazari, K. and Ershad, J. 1993. Etiology of yellowing disease of chickpea in rainfed condition in Lorestan province. Proc. 11th Iran. Plant Protection Congress Rasht 141.
Nazir, A., Hafeez, S. and Habeeb, A.R. 2022. Bioactive potentials of endophyte (Fusarium redolens) isolated from Olea europaea. Archives of Microbiology 204(4):219.
Nelson, P.E., Toussoun, T.A. and Marasas, W.F.O. 1983. Fusarium species: an illustrated manual for identification. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania.
 
Nene, Y.L., Sheila, V.K. and Sharma, S.B. 1996. A world list of chickpea and pigeonpea pathogens. ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India.
 
Nourollahi, K.H., Aliaran, A. and Yonessi, H. 2017. Genetic diversity of F. oxysporium f. sp. ciceri isolates causal agent of wilt chickpea in Kermanshah province using microsatellite markers. Modern Genetic Journal 11(4): 605-615.
 
Ocamb, C.M. and Juzwik, J. 1995. Fusarium species associated with rhizosphere soil and diseased roots of eastern white pine seedlings and associated nursery soil. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 17(4): 325-330.
 
O’Donnell, K., Cigelnik, E. and Nirenberg, H.I. 1998. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Mycologia 90: 465–493.
 
O'Donnell, K., Gherbawy, Y., Schweigkofler, W., Adler, A. and Prillinger, H. 1999. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence and RAPD data compared in Fusarium oxysporum and related species from maize. Journal of Phytopathology 147(7‐8): 445-452.
 
Olszak-Przybyś, H., Korbecka-Glinka, G. and Patkowska, E. 2023. Identification and pathogenicity of Fusarium isolated from soybean in Poland. Pathogens 12(9):1162.
 
Pan, F., Su, X., Hu, B., Yang, N., Chen, Q. and Wu, W. 2015. Fusarium redolens 6WBY3, an endophytic fungus isolated from Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis, produces peimisine and imperialine-3β-d-glucoside. Fitoterapia 103:213-221.
 
Paul, E.A. and Clark, F.E. 1989. Soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic Press, San Diego.
 
Pearson, K.A., Taylor, A.F.S., Fuchs, R.M.E. and Woodward, S. 2016. Characterisation and pathogenicity of Fusarium taxa isolated from ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris) roots. Fungal ecology 20:186-192.
 
Prasad, N. and Padwick, G. W. 1939. The Genus Fusarium. II. A species of Fusarium as a cause of wilt of gram (Cicer arietinum L.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 9: 371-380.
Qadir, M., Qureshi, A.S. and Cheraghi, S.A.M. 2008. Extent and characterisation of salt-affected soils in Iran and strategies for their amelioration and management. Land Degradation and Development 19(2): 214-227.
Qostal, S., Kribel, S., Chliyeh, M., Mouden, N., El Alaoui, M.A., Serghat, S. and Ouazzani Touhami, A. 2021. First report of Fusarium redolens causing root rot disease of wheat and barley in Morocco. Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology (Journal of Fungal Biology) 11(1):263-273.
Rafique, K., Kang, S., Mahmood, T., Ullah, I. and Mahmood, H. 2020. First report of vascular wilt on lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) caused by Fusarium redolens in Pakistan. Plant Disease 104(9):2524-2524.
Raja, H.A., Schoch, C.L., Hustad, V.P., Shearer, C.A. and Miller, A.N. 2011. Testing the phylogenetic utility of MCM7 in the Ascomycota. MycoKeys 1: 63–94.
Razghandi, M., Mohammadi, A., Ghorbani, M. and Mirzaee, M.R. 2020. New fungal pathogens and endophytes associated with Salsola. Journal of Plant Protection Research 60(4).
 
Riccioni, L., Haegi, L. and Valvassori, M. 2008. First Report of Vascular Wilt Caused by Fusarium redolens on Lentil in Italy. Plant Disease 92(7): 10.
 
Roy, S., Sarma, A., Paul, S., Jha, D.K. and Tayung, K. 2023. Plant growth-promoting traits and activation of defense enzymes in traditional rice variety by fungal endophytes isolated from seeds of indigenous rice cultivars of Northeast India. South African Journal of Botany 160:483-492.
 
Ruiter, P.C., de Bloem, J., Bouwman, L.A., Didden, W.A.M., Hoenderboom, G.H.J., Lebbink, G., Marinissen, J.C.Y., Vos, J.A., Vreeken-Buijs, M.J., Zwart, K.B. and Brussard, L. 1994. Simulation of dynamics in nitrogen mineralisation in the belowground food webs of two arable farming systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 51: 199–208.
 
Saadi, I., Laor, Y., Medina, S., Krassnovsky, A. and Raviv, M. 2010. Compost suppressiveness against Fusarium oxysporum was not reduced after one-year storage under various moisture and temperature conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 626–634.
 
Saeedi, S. and Jamali, S. 2021. Molecular characterization and distribution of Fusarium isolates from uncultivated soils and chickpea plants in Iran with special reference to Fusarium redolens. Journal of Plant Pathology 103:167-183.
 
Saremi, H., Backhouse, D. and Burgess, L.W. 1997. Mycogeographic survey of Fusarium species in Southeastern new South Wales, Australia. Cereal Research Communications 25(3):611-2.
 
Saremi, H. and Burgess, L.W. 2000. Effect of soil temperature on distribution and population dynamics of Fusarium species. Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology 2: 119-125.
           
Shadmani, L., Jamali, S. and Fatemi, A. 2018. Effect of barley endophytic fungi against of two pathogenic fungi, Gaeumannomyces graminis and Pythium aphanidermatum. Biological Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 7(2): 153-158.
 
Shadmani, L., Jamali, S. and Fatemi, A. 2021. Isolation, identification, and characterization of cadmium-tolerant endophytic fungi isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots and their role in enhancing phytoremediation. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 52: 1097-1106.
 
Sharma, L. and Marques, G. 2018. Fusarium, an entomopathogen-A myth or reality? Pathogens 7(4):2-15.
 
Shikur Gebremariam, E., Sharma-Poudyal, D., Paulitz, T.C., Erginbas-Orakci, G., Karakaya, A. and Dababat, A.A. 2018. Identity and pathogenicity of Fusarium species associated with crown rot on wheat (Triticum spp.) in Turkey. European journal of plant pathology 150:387-399.
 
Siddique, K.H. and Krishnamurthy, L. 2014. Chickpea production technology. Legume Perspectives (3): 29-32.
 
Šišić, A., Baćanović, J. and Finckh, M.R. 2017. Endophytic Fusarium equiseti stimulates plant growth and reduces root rot disease of pea (Pisum sativum L.) caused by Fusarium avenaceum and Peyronellaea pinodella. Eropean Journal of Plant Pathology 148:271–282.
 
Šišić, A., Baćanović-Šišić, J., Al-Hatmi, A.M.S., Karlovsky, P., Ahmed, S.A., Maier, W., de Hoog, G.S. and Finckh, M. 2018. The ‘forma specialis’ issue in Fusarium: A case study in Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. Scientific Reports 8:1252-1269.
 
Šišić, A., Baćanović-Šišić, J., Schmidt, H. and Finckh, M.R. 2022. Farming system effects on root rot pathogen complex and yield of faba bean (vicia faba) in Germany. Frontiers in Plant Science13: 1009906.
 
Snyder, W.C. and Hansen, H.N. 1940. The species concept in Fusarium. American Journal of Botany:64-67.
 
Steinberg, C., Edel-Hermann, V., Alabouvette, C. and Lemanceau, P. 2007. Soil suppressiveness to Plant Disease. In: van Elsas JD, Jansson JK, Trevors JT (Eds.), Modern Soil Microbiology, second edition CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 455–477.
 
Stoner, M.F. 1981. Ecology of Fusarium in non-cultivated soil. In: Nelson: E., Toussoun, T.A. and Cook, R.J. (eds) Fusarium: Diseases, Biology, and Taxonomy. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania, 276–286.
 
Su, Y.Y., Guo, L.D. and Hyde, K.D. 2010. Response of endophytic fungi of Stipa grandis to experimental plant function group removal in Inner Mongolia steppe, China. Fungal Diversity 43:93-101.
 
Summerell, B.A., Laurence, M.H., Liew, E.C. and Leslie, J.F. 2010. Biogeography and phylogeography of Fusarium: a review. Fungal Diversity 44(1):3-13.
 
Summerell, B.A., Leslie, J.F., Liew, E.C., Laurence, M.H., Bullock, S., Petrovic, T., Bentley, A.R., Howard, C.G., Peterson, S.A., Walsh, J.L. and Burgess, L.W. 2011. Fusarium species associated with plants in Australia. Fungal Diversity 46(1):1-27.
 
Taylor, A., Barnes, A., Jackson, A.C. and Clarkson, J.P. 2019. First report of Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium redolens causing wilting and yellowing of wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) in the United Kingdom. Plant Disease 103(6):1428-1428.
 
Trabelsi, R., Sellami, H., Gharbi, Y., Krid, S., Cheffi, M., Kammoun, S., Dammak, M., Mseddi, A., Gdoura, R. and Triki, M.A. 2017. Morphological and molecular characterization of Fusarium s: associated with olive trees dieback in Tunisia. 3 Biotech 7: 28.
 
Trapero-Casas, A. and Jimnez-Diaz, R.M. 1985. Fungal wilt and root rot diseases of chickpea in southern Spain. Phytopathology 75: 1146-1151.
 
van Rijn, E., Termorshuizen, A.J. and van Bruggen, A.H.C. 2007. Storage method affects disease suppression of flax wilt induced by composts. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39: 2743–2749.
 
Vujanovic, V., Hamel, C., Yergeau, E. and St-Arnaud, M. 2006. Biodiversity and biogeography of Fusarium Species from Northeastern North American asparagus fields based on microbiological and molecular approaches. Microbial Ecology 51: 242–255.
 
Wang, L., Wang, N., Yu, J., Wu, J., Liu, H., Lin, K. and Zhang, Y. 2023. Identification of pathogens causing alfalfa Fusarium root rot in Inner Mongolia, China. Agronomy 13(2):456.
 
Wang, A., Haapalainen, M., Latvala, S., Edelenbos, M. and Johansen, A. 2019. Discriminant analysis of volatile organic compounds of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae and Fusarium proliferatum isolates from onions as indicators of fungal growth. Fungal biology 122(10):1013-22.
 
Westerlund, F.V., Jr Campbell, R.N. and Kimble, K.A. 1974. Fungal root rots and wilt of chickpea in California. Phytopathology 64:432-436.
 
Wollenweber, H.W. 1913. Studies on the Fusarium problem. Phytopathology 3: 24-50.
 
Wollenweber, H.W. and Reinking, O. A. 1935. Die Fusarien, ihre Beschreibuug, Schadwirkung und Bekiimpfung, 355 pp, Paul Parey, Berlin.
 
Xie, S., Si, H., Zhang, S., Zhou, R., Xue, Y., Wang, S., Wang, S., Duan, Y., Niu, J. and Wang, Z. 2023. Efficacy and potential mechanism of essential oils of three labiatae plants against the pathogenic fungi of root rot disease in Atractylodes chinensis. Horticulturae 9(10):1136.
 
Ypema, H.L., Van De Pol, A. and Bollen, G.J. 1987. Black rot of stentlings of roses: a disease caused by various soil fungi. Scientia horticulturae 33(3-4) :269-280.
 
Younessi, H. 2004. Identification of the pathogenic races Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri in some west provinces of Iran. In Proceedings of the 16th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Tehran, Iran.
 
Younesi, H., Chehri, K., Sheikholeslami, M., Safaee, D. and Naseri, B., 2020. Effects of sowing date and depth on Fusarium wilt development in chick pea cultivars. Journal of Plant Pathology 102(2):343-350.
 
Younesi, H., Darvishnia, M., Bazgir, E. and Chehri, K. 2021. Morphological, molecular and pathogenic characterization of Fusarium spp. associated with chickpea wilt in western Iran. Journal of Plant Protection Research 61(4): 402-413.
 
Zamani, M.R., Motallebi, M. and Harigh, M.J. 2001. Pectic enzyme patterns of Fusarium oxysporum virulent isolates from chickpea in Iran. Journal of Science 12(1): 17-21.
 
Zamani, M.R., Motallebi, M. and Rostamian, A. 2004. Characterization of Iranian isolates of Fusarium oxysporum on the basis of RAPD analysis, virulence and vegetative compatibility. Journal of Phytopathology 152: 449–453.
 
Zhang, Q., Yang, L., Zhang, J., Wu, M., Chen, W., Jiang, D. and Li, G. 2015. Production of anti-fungal volatiles by non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and its efficacy in suppression of verticillium wilt of cotton Plant and Soil 392: 101–114.
 
Zhao, P., Luo, J. and Zhuang, W.Y. 2011. Practice towards DNA barcoding of the nectriaceous fungi. Fungal Diversity 46:183−191.
 
Xu, L.J., Liu, Y.S., Zhou, L.G. and Wu, J.Y. 2010. Optimization of a liquid medium for beauvericin production in Fusarium redolens Dzf2 mycelial culture. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 15:460-466.
 
Zokaee, S., Falahati Rastegar, M., Jafar Poor, B., Bagheri, A. and Jahanbakhsh Mashhadi, V. 2012. Genetic diversity determination of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri the causal agent of wilting and chlorosis in chickpea by using RAPD and PCR-RFLP techniques in Razavi and Northern Khorasan Provinces. Iran Journal of Pulses Research 2: 7-16.
 
Fig. 1. Annual growth of publications in focus area of Fusarium redolens (1956-2023).
 
Fig. 2. Evolution of number of publications related to Fusarium redolens between 1956 and 2023.
 
Fig. 3:  The network map of co-authorship based on affiliation of authors belonging to different countries.
 
Fig. 4. Network visualization of the research-topic map of studies related to Fusarium redolens between 1956 and 2023. The minimum number of occurrences of a keyword is 5.
 
Fig. 5. Overlay visualization of the research-topic map of studies related to Fusarium redolens between 1956 and 2023. The minimum number of occurrences of a keyword is 5.