Alternaria species associated with Quercus brantii in Zagros forests of Fars province, Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Iran

3 Higher Education Center of Shahid Bakeri, Urmia University, Miyandoab, Iran.

4 Ilam Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center

10.22043/MI.2023.363560.1267

Abstract

Persian oak is the most important forest tree in Fars province (Iran). In order to identify the composition of Alternaria species associated with healthy and declined Persian oak trees in Fars Province, Iran, fungal isolates were recovered from twigs, trunks and leaves of healthy and declining Persian oak trees from early September to late March 2021-2022. Fungal species were identified based on both morphological and as well as molecular characteristics of the DNA sequence data of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and plasma membrane ATPase genes. In total, 29 Alternaria isolates were obtained, which were identified as Alternaria alternata, Alternaria consortialis and Alternaria chlamydospora. Alternaria alternata showed the highest frequency approximately 51.72% and were isolated from both healthy and declining oak trees. Alternaria chlamydospora and A. consortialis were obtained only from healthy oak trees without declining symptoms with 41.38% and 6.89% frequencies,, respectively. Pathogenicity tests were conducted using all isolates in three replicates. Inoculation of different Alternaria alternata, Alternaria consortialis and Alternaria chlamydospora isolates on Persian oak seedlings did not show any symptoms after 60 days in greenhouse conditions. This is a new report of Alternaria species including A. alternata, A. consortialis and A. chlamydospora as endophytic fungi on Persian oak tree in Fars province of Iran.

Keywords

References

Alidadi, A., Kowsari, M., Javan-Nikkhah, M., Karami, S., Ariyawansa, H.A. and Jouzani, G.S. 2019a. Deniquelata quercina sp. nov.; a new endophyte species from Persian oak in Iran. Phytotaxa, 405(4), 187–194.
Alidadi, A., Kowsari, M., Javan-Nikkhah, M., Salehi Jouzani, G.R. and Ebrahimi Rastaghi, M. 2019b. New pathogenic and endophytic fungal species associated with Persian oak in Iran. European Journal of Plant Pathology 155: 1017–1032.
Ahmadi, R.; Kiadaliri, H.; Mataji, A.; Kafaki, S.2014. Oak forest decline zonation using AHP model and GIS technique in Zagros forests of Ilam province. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 4(3):141-150.
Andrew, M, Peever, T.L. and Pryor B.M. 2009. An expanded multilocus phylogeny does not resolve morphological species within the small-spored Altemrnaria species complex. Mycologia 101:95–109.
Arnold AE, Mejia LC, Kyllo D, Rojas EI, Maynard Z, Robbins N, and Herre EA. 2003. Fungal endophytes limit pathogen damage in a tropical tree. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100: 15649-15654.
DeMers M. 2022. Alternaria alternata as endophyte and pathogen. Microbiology  168: 001153.
Ellis, M.B. 1976. More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CAB International Mycological Institute. Kew, England, UK, 5.7 Pp.
Eskandari, S., Pourghasemi, H.R. and Tiefenbacher, J.P. 2020. Relations of land cover, topography, and climate to fire occurrence in natural regions of Iran: Applying new data mining techniques for modeling and mapping fire danger. Forest Ecology and Management 473: 118338.
Estrada, C., Wcislo, W.T. and Van Bael S.A. 2013. Symbiotic fungi alter plant chemistry that discourages leaf-cutting ants. New Phytologist 198: 241-251.
Gennaro, M., Gonthier, P., & Nicolotti, G. 2003. Fungal endophytic communities in healthy and declining Quercus robur L. and Q. cerris L. trees in northern Italy. Journal of Phytopathology 151(10): 529–534.
Ghobad-Nejhad, M., Asgari, B. and Chaharmiri Dokhaharani, S. 2017. Notes on some endophytic fungi isolated from Quercus brantii in Dena region of Kohgiluyeh and BoyerAhmad province. Mycologia Iranica 4(1): 1–12.
Ghobad-Nejhad, M., Meyn, R. and Langer, E. 2018. Endophytic fungi isolated from healthy and declining Persian oak (Quercus brantii) in western Iran. Nova Hedwigia 106(1–2): 1–2.
Higgins K.L., Arnold, A.E., Miadlikowska, J., Sarvate, S.D., Lutzoni F. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships, host affinity, and geographic structure of boreal and arctic endophytes from three major plant lineages. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42: 543–555.
Hajizadeh, A., Amini, J. and Abdollahzadeh, J. 2015. New records of endophytic fungi isolated from oak trees in Kurdistan province (Iran). Rostaniha 16: 109–122.
Hyde, K. D., and Soytong, K. 2008. The fungal endophyte dilemma. Fungal Diversity 33(163): e173.
Jankowiak, R., Stępniewska, H., Bilański, P. and Taerum, S.J. 2022. Fungi as potential factor limiting natural regeneration of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in mixed-species forest stands in Poland. Plant Pathology 4(71):805-817.
Lawrence, D.P., Rotondo, F., Gannibal, P.B. 2015. Biodiversity and taxonomy of the pleomorphic genus Alternaria. Mycological Progress 15:3.
Linaldeddu, B.T., Sirca, C., Spano, D. and Franceschini, A. 2011. Variation of endophytic cork oak-associated fungal communities in relation to plant health and water stress. Forest Pathology 41(3): 193–201.
Mirabolfathy, M., Ju, Y.M., Hsieh, H.M., and Rogers, J.D. 2013. Obolarina persica sp. nov., associated with dying Quercus in Iran. Mycoscience 54: 315-320.
Mollaei, Y.T. 2019. The root results of oak sudden death in Plain Barm, Zagros Forest, Fars, Iran. JOJ Wildl. Biodivers. 1: 555558.
Murray, M.G. and Thompson, W.F. 1980. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 8: 4321-4325.
Nguyen, M.H., Yong, J.H., Sung, H.J. and Lee, J.K. 2020. Screening of Endophytic Fungal Isolates against Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae Causing Oak Wilt Disease in Korea. Mycobiology 48: 484–494.
Patriarca, A., da Cruz Cabral, L., Pavicich, M.A. and Nielsen, K.F. 2019.Andersen B. Secondary metabolite profiles of small-spored Alternaria support the new phylogenetic organization of the genus. International Journal of Food Microbiology 291:135–143.
Rabaaoui, A., Masiello, M., Somma, S., Crudo, F., Dall'Asta, C., Righetti, L., Susca A. and Logrieco A.F. 2022. Phylogeny and mycotoxin profiles of athogenic Alternaria and Curvularia species isolated from date palm in southern Tunisia. Frontiers in Microbiology 13: 1-14.
Rodriguez, R. J., Henson, J., Van Volkenburgh, E., Hoy, M., Wright, L., Beckwith, F., Kim, Y. O., & Redman, R. S. 2008. Stress tolerance in plants via habitat-adapted symbiosis. The ISME Journal 2(4): 404–416.
Safaee, D., Khodaparast, S. A., Mirabolfathi, M., & Mousanejad, S. (2016). Relationship between dieback of Persian oak (Quercus brantii) and apparent and latent infection of Biscogniauxia mediterranea in Zagros forests. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 52(4).
Sánchez-García M, Ryberg M, Khan FK, Varga T, Nagy LG, et al.2020. Fruiting body form, not nutritional mode, is the major driver of diversification in mushroom-forming fungi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117:32528–32534.
Singh, S.M., Naidu, J. and Pouranik, M. 1990. Ungual and cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Alternaria alternata and Alternaria chlamydospora. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology 28(4): 275-278.
Skrmjar, M., Danev, M., Petreskr, B., Sanc, M. and Cepreganova-Krstlc, B. 1999. Proceedings of the 7th International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 1, 14-19 October 1998, Beijing, China. Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu, China. pp. 297-300.
Somma, S., Amatulli, M.T., Masiello, M., Moretti, A. and Logrieco, A.F. 2019. Alternaria species associated to wheat black point identified through a multilocus sequence approach. International Journal of Food Microbiology 293: 34–43.
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. and Kumar, S. 2013. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 2725–2729.
Vannini, A., Lucero, G., Anselmi, N. and Vettraino, A.M. 2009. Response of endophytic Biscogniauxia mediterranea to variation in leaf water potential of Quercus cerris. Forest Pathology 39: 8-14.
Woudenberg, J.H.C., Groenewald, J.Z., Binder, M. and Crous, P.W. 2013. Alternaria redefined. Studies in Mycology 75: 171–212.
Woudenberg, J.H.C., Seidl, M.F., Groenewald, J.Z., de Vries M., Stielow, J.B., et al. 2015. Alternaria section Alternaria: Species, formae speciales or pathotypes? Studies in Mycology 82:1–21.
Van Kan, J.A.L., Shaw, M.W. and Grant-Downton, R.T. 2014. Botrytis species: relentless necrotrophic thugs or endophytes gone rogue? Molecular Plant Pathology 15:957–961
Mycologia Iranica
Volume 10, Issue 2
December 2023
Pages 89-98

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics