Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
2 Department of Biomedical Sciences & Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
Abstract
Keywords
Main Subjects
INTRODUCTION
Fungi belonging to Erysiphales cause major losses in cucurbit production worldwide. In spite of their economic importance, the number and identity of fungal species and their host ranges within the Cucurbitaceae are still confusing. Several Erysiphales species records listed in the literature and online databases (Farr & Rossman 2018, GenBank https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) are doubtful or based on outdated species concepts. Five species of Erysiphales on cucurbits were accepted by Braun & Cook (2012). Other recent publications might be misleading by focusing only on Golovinomyces orontii (Castagne) V.P. Heluta and Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoffas if only these two species were present on cucurbits. By progressing study of powdery mildew, further changes of species names and new cucurbit hosts may be expected.
In Taiwan, hitherto only P. xanthii has been known for cucurbits, namely Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Cucumis sativus L., Cucurbita spp. (C. maxima Duchesne, C. moschata Duchesne, C. pepo L.), Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Momordica charantia L., Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi, and Zehneria mucronata (Blume) Miq. (Hsu et al. 2002, Kuo 1989, Liu & Kirschner 2015). Records of P. xanthii (as Sphaerotheca fuliginea) on Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. in Taiwan and other countries listed from a nonconfirmed source (Amano 1986) in Farr & Rossman (2018) lack documentation and were not included in Kuo (1989) and Hsu et al. (2002). This fungus-host combination has not been found in an extensive screening in Thailand, although Podosphaera specimens were found in five other genera of Cucurbitaceae (Meeboon et al. 2016). Wax gourd (B. hispida) is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical Asia. In Taiwan, different cultigens are distinguished depending on the size of fruits. A variety with relatively small fruits, considered by some authors as distinct variety B. hispida var. chieh-qua F.C. How), was introduced from southern mainland China to Taiwan in 1947 (Hsueh 2000). The invasive wild cucurbit Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt was first recorded from Taiwan in 1997 and spread to roadsides and similar places particularly in eastern Taiwan (Chen 2008). Demonstrating new host records of powdery mildews from Taiwan serves as an example of the lack of data about powdery mildews on cucurbit hosts.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Shoots and leaves of cucurbits with powdery mildew symptoms were collected in the field or in a garden shop and processed for microscopy and DNA extraction in the fresh stage. For microscopy, fresh specimens were mounted in 10% KOH (Kirschner & Chen 2008); sizes were given as extremes (given without brackets) or, as mean value ± standard deviation of n measurements with extreme values in brackets. DNA was isolated from freshly collected conidia, amplified, sequenced, and edited as in Wei & Kirschner (2017). Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear rRNA genes (ITS) were deposited at GenBank (see below). Among the results obtained with BLAST searches with these sequences at GenBank (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), only published records with species names fitting to the concepts of Braun & Cook (2012) were considered for comparison. Dried specimens were deposited in the fungal collection of the National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan (TNM, http://collection.nmns.edu.tw/scripts/fungi.dll).
RESULTS
Golovinomyces orontii (Castagne) V.P. Heluta, Ukr. bot. Zh. 45(5): 63 (1988), Fig. 1
Mycelium amphigenous, effuse or in irregular patches, white. Hyphae smooth and hyaline, ca. 3 µm wide. Hyphal appressoria nipple-shaped to slightly broadened. Conidiophore stipes erect, arising both from the middle of mother cell or toward one end of the mother cell, up to about 170 µm long. Foot-cell straight to slightly curved, (28−)34−53(−57) ´ (9−)10−12(−13) µm (n=20), followed by 0−3 shorter cells, developing conidia not very swollen. Conidia in chains, cylindrical or oblong, 28−35 ´ 12−18 µm, covered with scattered minute cylindrical scales. Conidia with terminal or occasionally lateral germ tube, about as long as the conidia or shorter, conidial appressoria not seen. Teleomorph not developed.
Specimen examined. On leaves of a wild mature plant of Coccinia grandis, TAIWAN, Taitung City, Donghe Township, 09.02. 2017, leg. R. Kirschner, det. T.-Y. Wu WTY07 (TNM F31684), ITS MH465241.
DNA-based identification. Comparing the BLAST search results among sequences exceeding a length of 570 bp, the ITS sequence (GenBank accession number MH465241) of our specimen and those of G. orontii (GenBank numbers AB430813−AB430818, Takamatsu et al. 2009) showed a similarity of 100% (571/571 bp). Sequences of other, closely related species such as G. fischeri (S. Blumer) U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook and G. sordidus (L. Junell) V.P. Heluta had a maximum similarity of 99% (with 3 or more different positions). There were no sequences labeled as G. cucurbitacearum in GenBank.
Takamatsu et al. (2013) in their ITS analysis found three clades comprising sequences of G. orontii, with specimens from cucurbit hosts included in each of these three clades. BLAST searches with our ITS sequence for sequences of G. orontii from other cucurbits in GenBank had 99−100% similarity, i.e. from Cucumis sativus yielded 1 to 4 different bp (548/549−550 bp, AB427187, AF229017) and from Cucurbita spp. 0 (549/549 or 558/558 bp, AB077696, AB077670, respectively) to 4 different bp (542/546 bp, AF229016).
The identity of 100% of our sequence with those of G. orontii from Galium spp. (AB430817, AB430818) indicates that they together with the above mentioned 100% identical sequences of G. orontii on cucurbits (AB077670, AB077696) all belong to G. orontiisensustricto or lineage XI in Takamatsu et al. (2013) and to group 1 within this lineage.
Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff, in Braun & Takamatsu, Schlechtendalia 4: 31 (2000) Fig. 2
Mycelium amphigenous, effuse or in irregular patches, white. Hyphae smooth to verruculose, hyaline, 4−8 µm wide. Hyphal appressoria nipple-shaped. Conidiophore stipes erect, arising both from the middle of mother cell or more commonly toward one end of the mother cell, sometimes two stipes arising from the same mother cell, ca. 70−230 µm long, 14−16 µm wide at the uppermost cell. Foot-cell straight, (26−)30−60(−73) ´ 9−11(−12) µm (n=30), followed by 0−8 shorter cells. These cells and conidia with fibrosin bodies. Conidia in chains, cylindrical or oblong, (25−)26.5−32(−35) ´ (14−)15.5 ´ 18(−19) µm (n=30), smooth. Conidial germ tubes or appressoria not seen. Teleomorph not developed.
Specimens examined. On leaves of a potted young plant of Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua, TAIWAN, Taoyuan City, Zhongli District, gardener shop, 28 April 2018, leg. & det. R. Kirschner 4632 (TNM F31685), ITS MH465242; on leaves of potted young plant of a cultigen of B. h. var. hispida with medium-sized fruits, same place, 5 May 2018, leg. & det. R. Kirschner 4633 (TNM F31686), ITS MH465243.
DNA-based identification. Comparing the BLAST search results among sequences being at least 550 bp long, the ITS sequences (GenBank MH465242 and MH465243) of our specimens and those of P. xanthii had 99% similarity to 100% similarity (e.g. KM505135, Liu & Kirschner 2015), whereas the similarity with the closely related P. erigerontis-canadensis (Lév.) U. Braun & T.Z. Liu was 98% (570/579 bp; KY660809, KY661091, and KY661075, Ellingham 2016).
Fig. 2. Podosphaera xanthii on Benincasa hispida. a. Powdery mildew symptoms on B. hispida var. chieh-qua (R. Kirschner 4632). b. Powdery mildew symptoms on B. hispida var. hispida (R. Kirschner 4633). c-e. Microscopic characteristics (R. Kirschner 4632). c. Hypha with nipple-shaped appressoria (arrows). d. Conidiophores with fibrosin bodies in the apical cells. e. Conidia with fibrosin bodies (Drawing: R. Kirschner).
DISCUSSION
According to the most comprehensive taxonomic treatment of Erysiphales (Braun & Cook 2012), powdery mildew symptoms on cucurbits are induced by five species belonging to different genera.
Three species with catenate conidia can occur on both sides of the leaf, Golovinomyces cucurbitacearum (R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen) Vakal. & Kliron., G. orontii (Castagne) V.P. Heluta (syn. Erysiphe cichoracearum s.l.) and Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff (“P. fusca”, “Sphaerotheca fuliginea”) (Braun & Cook 2012). These fungi cannot be distinguished by their symptoms, but by light microscopy: fibrosin bodies are present in P. xanthii only; curved conidiophore bases occur only in G. orontii. Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud which penetrates through stomata tends to be limited to the abaxial side of the leaf and forms solitary conidia (Braun & Cook 2012). Erysiphe actinostemmatis U. Braun is comparatively rare and limited to Actinostemma and Schizopepon species in China and Japan (Braun & Cook 2012). It can grow on both sides of the leaf and forms solitary conidia.
A further species of Leveillula being different from L. taurica, but remaining unnamed, was found on Cucurbita sp. in Iran (Khodaparast et al. 2016) as well as an unnamed species of Erysiphe on Luffa acutangula in Thailand (Meeboon & Takamatsu 2016) indicate the presence of further taxonomically unresolved species of powdery mildews on Cucurbitaceae. In the future, we, therefore, have to expect reports of more than five species of Erysiphales on cucurbits.
Leveillula sp. is molecularly characterized (Khodaparast et al. 2016) and Erysiphe sp. morphologically (Meeboon & Takamatsu 2016). GenBank contains DNA sequences labeled as G. orontii, L. taurica, and P. xanthii, but lack those labeled as E. actinostemmatis or G. cucurbitacearum. Particularly the morphological distinction between G. orontii and G. cucurbitacearum should be supported by molecular analyses, as soon as ITS sequences of the latter are available. The relationships between the three clades of G. orontii among each other as well as with other species of Golovinomyces could not be resolved with ITS sequences (Takamatsu et al. 2013).
More collections with detailed morphological characterization and ITS sequence data are urgently needed in order to clarify the species boundaries of certain powdery mildew fungi on cucurbits. Particularly for resolving the relationships within genera, other gene regions than ITS should be applied.
Two Golovinomyces species have been recorded on Coccinia hosts (Meeboon et al. 2017). In G. cucurbitacearum the foot cell of the conidiophore is always straight, whereas in G. orontii it is often slightly curved (Braun & Cook 2012). In Taiwan, G. orontii is a new record for Cucurbitaceae. Winter melon (B. hispida) is considered resistant against P. xanthii and susceptible to G. orontii (Rabelo et al. 2017), although some unconfirmed records from Amano (1986) still persist (Braun & Cook 2012, Farr & Rossman 2018). Since these records are mere names in a list, they are unreproducible and have not been taken up in lists of phytopathogenic fungi of Taiwan (Hsu et al. 2002, Kuo 1989). Our findings documented with specimens, morphology and DNA data, however, confirm the record for Taiwan (Amano 1986 in Farr & Rossman 2018) for both varieties of B. hispida.
Correct information about the identity of pathogens and their hosts may have an impact on quarantine and other plant protection measures. Most cucurbit species show susceptibility or resistance only on the level of cultivars, which may again differ between species and “races” of the fungi (Lebeda et al. 2010, Luitel et al. 2016, Rabelo et al. 2017). Whereas powdery mildew caused by G. orontii is prevalent in Central Europe, P. xanthii is more prevalent in other regions, e.g. North America (Lebeda et al. 2010) and South America (Rabelo et al. 2017). For several countries, including like up to recently also Taiwan, P. xanthii is the single known powdery mildew species on cucurbits (Pirondi et al. 2015). From our finding, we may predict that additional species will also be recorded for those countries.
Several new host species, genera and families are published for P. xanthii (Meeboon et al. 2016) every year. Leveillula taurica is known on hosts of different families but tends to be more common in tropical and subtropical regions (Braun & Cook 2012), whereas for G. orontii which is already known for about 40 host families, occasional new records are limited to the level of host species. Since fungicides used against cucurbit powdery mildew are mainly based on the single-site mode of action, i.e. one step of the fungal metabolic pathways, fungal resistance may be gained by mutation more easily than against fungicides with multiple effects on the fungal metabolism (McGrath 2001). Again, because of its wide geographical distribution, such resistance may be more likely to spread in populations of fungi with broad host ranges such as P. xanthii and G. orontii than in Erysiphales with narrow host ranges. Podosphaera xanthii is considered to be more widespread in tropical areas, whereas G. orontii is more prevalent in temperate regions (Rabelo et al. 2017). When both species occur in the same area, G. orontii may be predominant until summer and then be replaced by P. xanthii on the same cucurbit host. This biogeographic and bioclimatic pattern may be explained by the lower temperature optimum of G. orontii (Rur et al. 2017). It may be predicted that globalization and global warming may have an impact on the spread and prevalence of the two most common fungal agents of cucurbit powdery mildew. Since compared to many other fungi, Erysiphales are very detailed recorded in many countries, they may serve as a model for responses of pathogens to climate change (Glawe 2009).
For sustainable plant protection as well as developing and promoting cucurbit cultivars with resistance against powdery mildew, it is, therefore, important to distinguish clearly between the fungal species (not only G. orontii and P. xanthii) which can serve as causative agents and to monitor their presence permanently.
Golovinomyces orontii has been recorded on C. grandis in India and Thailand (Mulpuri et al. 2016, Meeboon et al. 2017). This host is also susceptible to Erysiphe actinostemmatis U. Braun and Podosphaera sp. (most likely P. xanthii) (Braun & Cook 2012, Meeboon et al. 2016). Our finding of G. orontii on wild C. grandis indicates the threat by spread from this weed to cultivated cucurbits such as B. hispida and Luffa species which are widely cultivated throughout Taiwan and known to be susceptible hosts in other countries (Braun & Cook 2012, Farr & Rossman 2018).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (NSC102–2621–B–008–001–MY3). We thank Dr. I-Shu Lee for arranging supporting travel expenses by Taiwan innovative Technology (TiT), Taipei.
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