eng
Iranian Mycological Society
Mycologia Iranica
2382-9664
2382-9656
2017-12-01
4
2
65
84
10.22043/mi.2017.116760
116760
Aflatoxins and aflatoxigenic fungi in Iran: A systematic review of the past, present, and future
M. Gholami-Shabani
shabani@kimo.com
1
M. Shams-Ghahfarokhi
shamsm@modares.ac.ir
2
M. Razzaghi-Abyaneh
mrab442@yahoo.com
3
Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Aflatoxins are highly toxic compounds that are produced as secondary metabolites by some Aspergillus and Emericella species. Despite huge progress on aflatoxin research during the past 50 years, we have witnessed many cases of food contamination with aflatoxins all over the world. Aflatoxins have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects and they are capable of inducing hepatocellular carcinoma in human and animals. A wide array of substrates including nuts, oilseeds, cereals and dried fruits are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination which is a challenge for public health, especially in developing countries. Improper storage of food and feed provides conditions for aflatoxin production in crops, especially rice, wheat, pistachio, walnuts, and almonds which are the main sources of nutrients in the human food chain. Aflatoxins can be found in animal tissues and milk after ingestion of contaminated feed. Among nuts, pistachio is one of the most important exporting products of Iran which its contamination with aflatoxins is frequently reported. In general, despite frequent reports of aflatoxin-producing fungi and aflatoxin contamination of food and feed in Iran, limited data exist about human and animal exposure to aflatoxins and related consequences. This review highlights current status and future prospects of aflatoxin occurrence in food, feed and agricultural commodities in Iran, adverse effects on public health, advanced assay procedures and current control measures of aflatoxin contamination.
https://mij.areeo.ac.ir/article_116760_8255fde0594738dfbe27988ea42b5f71.pdf
Mycotoxin
Aspergillus flavus
food contamination
hepatocellular carcinoma
eng
Iranian Mycological Society
Mycologia Iranica
2382-9664
2382-9656
2017-12-01
4
2
85
91
10.22043/mi.2018.117266
117266
A brief global review on the species of cucurbit powdery mildew fungi and new records in Taiwan
T. Y. Wu
blunt1760@gmail.com
1
R. Kirschner
kirschner@ntu.edu.tw
2
Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
Department of Biomedical Sciences & Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
In spite of the economic importance of powdery mildew on cucurbits, literature and databases about the fungal species reveal different species numbers and names, often indicating only two species, with inconsistent host specificities for different members of Cucurbitaceae. Revision of the available literature indicates the presence of at least six species of powdery mildews on Cucurbitaceae with different focuses on hosts and geographic distribution. Golovinomyces orontii is recorded from Cucurbitaceae in Taiwan for the first time based on internal transcribed spacer sequences and the morphology of the anamorph found on wild plants of Coccinia grandis. In the literature; although, winter melon (Benincasa hispida) is considered resistant against Podosphaera xanthii, we confirmed a previously doubtful record on this host in Taiwan. Our new records of G. orontii in wild cucurbits and of P. xanthii for winter melon indicate a higher potential threat against cultivated cucurbits than previously estimated.
https://mij.areeo.ac.ir/article_117266_fc02aaf24863caa3eb2779cedf79735a.pdf
Erysiphaceae
Erysiphales
plant pathogenic fungi
quarantine
eng
Iranian Mycological Society
Mycologia Iranica
2382-9664
2382-9656
2017-12-01
4
2
93
102
10.22043/mi.2017.117283
117283
Genetic structure of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri populations from chickpea in Ilam province, Iran
Kh. Nourollahi
nourollahi52@yahoo.com
1
A. Aliaran
aliaran8791@gmail.com
2
Department of Plant Protection, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
Department of Plant Protection, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legume crops in Iran. Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, is the most important soil-borne disease of chickpea in the world. This disease caused high losses in different regions during recent years. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) were used to estimate genetic diversity in 114 of F. oxysporum isolates from six counties in the west of Iran (Asemanabad, Sarableh, Eivan, Badreh, Chardavol, and Dareh Shahr). A set of five microsatellite primer pairs revealed 17 alleles in each locus across the populations. A low level of genetic variability was observed among isolates in these regions. Genetic diversity was low (H = 0.269) within populations with corresponding high average gene flow and low genetic distances between populations. The smallest genetic distance was observed between isolates from Chardavol and Darahshahr regions. The effective number of alleles was higher in Asemanabad in comparison to the other populations. The number of (H)and Shannon's Information index (I) were also higher in Badreh (H= 0.430, I= 0.281). The total gene diversity and gene diversities between subpopulation were estimated 0.2004 and 0.188, respectively. Gene diversity attributable to differentiation among populations was 0.0618, while gene flow was 7.589. Cluster analysis based on UPGMA showed the lowest genetic distance between Chardavol and Dareh Shahr, then between Chardavol and Badreh. The dendrogram indicated a clear break between Asemanabad and the remaining populations. These results will be useful in breeding for chickpea root rot resistant cultivars and developing necessary control measures.
https://mij.areeo.ac.ir/article_117283_66c70004af5145556a9baf011db8fafd.pdf
Genetic diversity
Gene flow
population differentiation
microsatellite
eng
Iranian Mycological Society
Mycologia Iranica
2382-9664
2382-9656
2017-12-01
4
2
103
120
10.22043/mi.2018.117293
117293
Percentage distribution of foliicolous fungi of Maharashtra, India with respect to their disease symptoms: a novel study
R. Dubey
dr.rashmidubey@gmail.com
1
A. D. Pandey
amit.d.pandey@gmail.com
2
Botanical Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune, India
Botanical Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune, India
Fungal spores are continuously deposited on the leaf surfaces by wind impaction, sedimentation and rain wash-out from the atmosphere and splash-dispersal. They reside and act as asymptomatic mutualists, benign commensals or latent pathogens. A slight imbalance in this relation can lead to pathogenic phase of the fungi, resulting in a variety of symptoms on leaves viz. discoloration, blight, sooty-spots, shot- hole, tar spot, powdery mildew, black mildews, downy mildews, rust, smuts, galls, sooty moulds and so on. With a view of studying the foliicolous fungi, a project entitled “Foliicolous fungi of Maharashtra” was undertaken and various areas were visited in different forest ecosystems of Maharashtra. A total of 429 isolates belonging 336 fungal species and intra specific taxa recorded during this study were categorized on the basis of foliage symptoms caused by them. Out of the entire recorded fungal taxa, 19.81% fungal species cause black mildews; 5.83% fungal species belong to only cercosporoid fungi causing leaf spots; 2.10% fungal species incite powdery mildews; 10.96% cause sooty molds; 1.63% incite anthracnose; 0.23% incite leaf smut; 3.50% incite leaf rust infection; 19.35 % incite leaf spots; 11.42% cause leaf blight/canker; 0.47% fungal species incite tar spots; 1.86% incite wilt diseases and the remaining 22.84% were found to be associated with leaves as facultative parasites/saprophytes/Hyperparasites. Therefore, above studies were designed to characterize foliicolous fungi that would further help in the conservation and management of biological resources and also increase the agriculture wealth of the nation.
https://mij.areeo.ac.ir/article_117293_0d720134824e7fdeebe1538052e5c7af.pdf
Foliicolous fungi
symptoms
percentage occurrence
eng
Iranian Mycological Society
Mycologia Iranica
2382-9664
2382-9656
2017-12-01
4
2
121
129
10.22043/mi.2017.117424
117424
Some aspects of biology and host range of Biscogniauxia mediterranea, one of the causal agent of oak charcoal disease
D. Safaee
dasafaee@yahoo.com
1
S. A. Khodaparast
blumeria2015@gmail.com
2
M. Mirabolfathy
mmirab2000@yahoo.com
3
M. Sheikholeslami
m1sheikh@yahoo.com
4
Plant Protection Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Plant Pathology Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
Plant Protection Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran
Field surveys in Zagros forests located in western Iran were done to study some aspects of biology and host range of Biscogniauxia mediterranea during 2014-2016. The ability of its conidia and ascospores to cause the disease was evaluated under greenhouse condition. Ascospore viability and development of anamorph and teleomorph were surveyed under different conditions. The pathogen host range was determined by field observations, laboratory and greenhouse tests. Results showed that ascospores unlike conidia produced colony and caused disease by inoculation into the lesion in Quercus brantii seedlings. Ascospore germination was decreased as much as 17.3% under forest conditions after one year. Extent necrosis in the inner bark and wood tissues of inoculated adult Q. brantii trees was induced however no fungal stroma has appeared for three years. Monopartite black stroma lacking teleomorph was formed beneath the outer bark of inoculated excised branches on which conidia were produced. Teleomorph was formed only on one Q. infectoria excised branch under natural-like condition. Teleomorph and anamorph have not produced on inoculated Q. brantii, Q. infectoria and Q. libani seedlings for 34 months. In the forest, the sign of charcoal disease was seen only on Q. brantii and Q. infectoria trees that the latter is a new host for it. Necrosis appeared in the inner bark of inoculated excised branches of Amygdalus sp. Acer monspessulanum, Cerasus microcarpa, Pistacia sp. and Rosa sp. but not in Crataegus sp. and Ulmus sp. Pathogenicity of B. mediterranea was demonstrated for the first time on seedlings of Q. infectoria and Q. libani.
https://mij.areeo.ac.ir/article_117424_f161dc6272d18a1f4ad780c3f49c7582.pdf
Ascospore
Quercus
Zagros forests
biology
pathogenicity
eng
Iranian Mycological Society
Mycologia Iranica
2382-9664
2382-9656
2017-12-01
4
2
131
132
10.22043/mi.2018.117426
117426
The first record of Truncatella angustata from Chamaecyparis lawsoniana trees in the northeast of Iran
R. Habibi
rogaeehhabibi@yahoo.com
1
K. Rahnama
kamranrahnama1995@gmail.com
2
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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https://mij.areeo.ac.ir/article_117426_eb32a6e43892360690c4cf8c157c5153.pdf
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eng
Iranian Mycological Society
Mycologia Iranica
2382-9664
2382-9656
2017-12-01
4
2
133
134
10.22043/mi.2017.117431
117431
The first report of Libertella platani on Platanus orientalis in Iran
S. Jamali
jamali454@yahoo.com
1
Sh. Yalveh
yalveh@yahoo.com
2
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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https://mij.areeo.ac.ir/article_117431_7dc141557c27b90d0f644e678bd8c6e0.pdf
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